Dorothea Lynde Dix free essay sample

An Amazing lady Ladies and men of their word, it is without a doubt a respect and a benefit for me to have the chance to respect one of the most astonishing ladies of the nineteenth century: Throated Lynda Dixie. From her modest beginnings in a pine shack in Maine where she endured passionate and physical maltreatment because of her dad, Throated attempted to instruct herself in technical disciplines, writing and holiness. In the wake of venturing out from home at age 12, she started instructing while still a teenager.She started her lifes work of change and social change by persuading her grandma to build up a cause school for poor kids on he grounds Of the Dixie family home in Boston. Throated additionally had a few books distributed during this period one of which has had 60 unique versions in the United States. Dry. William E. Changing, a Lacertian serve, showed a confidence of affection and social still, small voice. Through her fellowship with Dry. We will compose a custom paper test on Dorothea Lynde Dix or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Changing, Dixie was roused to build up her very own crucial confidence through works which eventually prompted her self-financed profession in social reform.Throated endured a total mental and physical breakdown in 1836. While recuperating at the English nation domain of Mr.. Mrs.. William Rotenone, Throated got familiar with Dry. Samuel Take whose Quaker father had built up York Retreat, Englands most dynamic haven for the crazy. The Takes accepted that dysfunctional behavior could be repressed, even restored, if the patients were treated with consideration and regard. York Retreats theory and qualities shaped the premise of Dies campaign for the intellectually ill.With a legacy from her grandma, reserve funds from instructing and sovereignties from her books, Throated was monetarily secure. She voyaged broadly scanning for a vocation. While encouraging a Sunday School class at the East Cambridge House of Corrections, she was stunned to find that the intellectually sick were housed in indistinguishable offices from crooks. Furthermore, she was horrified at the conditions in which the two gatherings were kept. She had discovered her vocation and her motivation. Going more than 60,000 miles reviewing a huge number of foundations and meeting more than 9,000 intellectually sick or truly impeded individuals, Throated kept nitty gritty notes.These notes filled in as the reason for her Memorials deliberately composed, extensive reports recounting the terrible conditions she had found in her movements: intellectually sick patients confined, beaten, anchored, denied of outside air and daylight, ineffectively took care of, given no clinical consideration, agilely and lying in their own waste. These Memorials were introduced to lawmaking bodies starting in Massachusetts. Through her vigorous endeavors, numerous new emergency clinics for the intellectually sick were built up or existing foundations were extended and reformed.Throated didnt stop with state governments. Her Memorial to the Congress of the United States looked to have a huge number of sections of land of land put in a safe spot for an interminable reserve for the consideration of the poor crazy. Following quite a while of exertion, a bill was passed by the two places of Congress yet vetoed by President Pierce. Going to Europe, Throated proceeded with her crusade for psychological wellness structure. In 1861 , with the episode of the Civil War, Throated went to Washington, DC and crusaded for the foundation of a medical attendants corps to serve on the battlefield.Named the Superintendent of the United States Army Nurses Corps (one of the main ladies to get such a high government arrangement), Throated brought her unlimited enthusiasm and feeling of crucial this Herculean errand. She held this post until the finish of the war in 1866. Coming back to her battle for psychological wellness change, Throated at last resigned to a loft at the New Jersey State Hospital in Trenton, an organization he had since a long time ago called her first-conceived kid in 1881. Throated, you are one off kind.

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Essay Example

One thing every womans missed in Massachusetts Bay

One thing every woman’s missed in Massachusetts Bay Hiya. So on my way back home to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, I took the opportunity to spend a day or two in foul, fetid, fuming, foggy, filthy Philadelphia with my beloved high school friend Shana. See how excited she is to be hanging out with me? Okay, that picture isnt really from Philadelphia, but its the best Ive got on my home computer. Anyway, we arrived (coming from opposite directions) at 30th Street Station at around 3 PM. Since I watch The Amazing Race every week, I knew that the first things we needed to do were to buy a map, enlist the help of a local, and marry Amber Brkich. A friendly janitor directed us to the subway station and we took an inbound train to city hall, figuring it to be a good place to start. From there, we wandered to the Reading Terminal Market, which is apparently semi-famous, although we didnt know it at the time. Famished, we bought a quarter pound of fudge to hold us over until dinner. While buying the fudge, the fat young man ahead of us in line noted that it was wasteful for the vendor to give him a knife, since he was planning to eat it immediately with his hands anyway. As both Shana and I are conservationally-minded (between us, we take only four showers a week), we made sure to ask for our fudge without a knife. Indeed, the power is ours! Of course, if my UROP work is successful, in a few years Changing World Technologies might be able to recycle the knife into usable oil. Anyway, we meandered for another hour until we were extremely hungry and incredibly tired. By this point, we happened to be in Chinatown, standing in front of an establishment that advertised itself only as Shaved Noodle. Heading inside, we were treated to a delicious dinner of hand-drawn noodles while watching the Chinese equivalent of American Idol (its basically the same show, except Paula Abdul is replaced by a guy with a mohawk and there is a bubble machine which is turned on full blast during all the performances). My noodles came with ground pork and Shanas with a spicy peanut sauce. Shana noted that it was refreshing to eat a meal in which all noodles had different thicknessesmy own palate, of course, is not discerning enough to pick up on such culinary nuances. Between us, we spent only $7.50 on this veritable feasteat your heart out, Rachael Ray. This is the most exciting part of the trip: we were walking down some random street and I noticed a well-dressed man carrying a sign for Morimoto restaurant valet parking out into the middle of the road. After a brief double-take, Shana and I ran out into traffic to ask this man where to find this brand-new, exclusive restaurant opened by the legendary former Iron Chef. It turned out that we were actually standing right next to it before we endangered our lives in Philadelphia traffic (which, though hectic, is not nearly as deadly as that in Boston). Leave it to Morimoto to hide his bold neo-Japanese fusion cuisine behind an unassuming concrete facade. Since I was dressed in an ironically flamboyant striped shirt and Shana had a funky homemade multicolored belt on, we easily passed for yuppies and the perky-young-blonde-hostess-who-secretly-hates-her-life let us look at a menu and check out the lounge upstairs, which featured poor lighting and many low, uncomfortable-looking stools. Since the least expensive dish on the entire menu cost twice as much as we had just spent together at Shaved Noodle, Shana told Blondie that we were going to check out some other dinner options. On our way out, we heard her telling another group of guests that Morimoto lives in the city and usually visits the restaurant at nighthow exciting! I mean, if you happen to live in Philadelphia. Yeah, so its really all downhill from there. But what a peak! We wandered and wandered, aided only very slightly by that map I bought. Finally, around sunset, we decided that it was time to work out accommodations for the night. We called another high school friend, Alex, and mentioned that we would be in Philadelphia for the evening and possibly the next morning, and we would be just delighted if he could make his way into the city and hang out with us for a while. Luckily, Alex is an awesome human being and took the hint, offering us lodging for the night on his couch at Ursinus College in scenic Collegeville, PA, located just 20 minutes outside of Philadelphia by train. After an unsucessful visit to the Liberty Bell, which was strangely surrounded by US Customs officials (is someone trying to smuggle illegal aliens into the Liberty Bell?), Shana took a look at the map and arbitrarily suggested that we head down to the Polish-American Museum. Unfortunately, we arrived at 5:23 PM and were only able to admire a bust of Pope John Paul II through the display window, so we cut our losses and crossed the street to a nearby rose garden. There we relaxed for two hours, waiting for Alex and discussing our mutually favorite book, Everything Is Illuminated. This is what the cover looks like, in case you wanted to buy it: This August, its also being adapted into a movie starring Elijah Wood, which both Shana and I think is completely impossible and misguided. Anyway, its a book that you definitely ought to read if you get the chance, preferably before the movie comes out. Anyway, we met up with Alex and headed down to the famous South Street, where we laughed at strange people behind their backs and bought delicious ice cream. From there, we took a fast train back to Ursinus and learned a little about its historyfor example, the founder was apparently named something like Behr, but changed his name to the more artful Ursinus upon realizing that the college would bear his name for all eternity. Also, the architects who designed Ursinus were apparently into the same sorts of bizarre things as those at MIT. Ursinus students apparently slide down some of their more avant-garde sculptures naked upon graduationnot sure Id want to do the same thing on Transparent Horizons. After a comfortable nights sleep, during which I awoke only once because I forgot that there are often loud, inexplicable sirens that go off on weekends in Pennsylvania (air raid?), Shana and I took the first train out of Ursinus and headed to Bennys DinerBenny Franklin, that is. Its appropriate that someone would name a diner after him since, after all, he did invent the stove. Across the street, the Customs officials at the Liberty Bell finally let us inafter some brief but harrowing metal detectionso we headed into the bizarre art deco plaza and finally saw the austere chime itself. It was kind of anticlimactic, because there is a copper replica of it outside the William Penn Museum in Harrisburg that looks exactly the same. Shana: Do you think its a little worrisome that the symbol of our liberty is irreparably flawed? I: No, I just take it to mean that American freedom cant be contained in any physical representation. So great is our nations liberty, it destroys all objects that stand before it Shana: even those that stand in alliance. Also, I think its a great idea that when you accidentally drop and break something, you can turn it into a symbol of everlasting freedomIll have to try that trick around lab someday. In conclusion, if you ever want to see what the Liberty Bell looks like, come to Harrisburg, where the armed customs workers are replaced by a giant benevolent statue of famous Quaker William Penn. After sitting by the fountain at the Tomb of the Unknown American Revolutionary War Soldier for an hour watching a small Asian boy try in vain to collect change without getting his shorts wet, we strolled down to the Italian Market to find lunch. I got an authentic Philadelphia cheesesteak from Pats and Shana, a softcore vegetarian, got a Kiss flavored gelato. I hoped it would be flavored with distilled saliva collected from the mouths of true lovers (kind of like swallows nest soup), but it turns out that it was actually just chocolate and hazelnut mixed together. Such a letdown. From there, we headed back to the 30th Street Station and caught the 5:10 train back home, passing through miles of idyllic Amish farmland. And what happened in Harrisburg? Well, thats an entry in itself. Until next time keep on keepin it real.

The Origin Of The Word Music Essay - 2320 Words

ORIGIN OF MUSIC We first will take a look at the word music the origin of it, the way we know it today, yesterday and more than likely its future beings, tomorrow. Webster’s Dictionary describes the word music as sounds that are sung by voices or played on musical instruments; written or printed symbols showing how music should be played or sung; and the art or skill of creating or performing music. Music is inescapable, it can be heard everywhere, while driving in your car you can hear it playing on the radio, possibly the person driving next to you could be humming a tune or singing a song, on the television, while shopping, at your workplace, school house and in the church house. Music is a part of our everyday living. It brings joy, peace, happiness, relaxation and sometimes may even bring tears to our eyes. The way we listen to music has been transformed in many different ways, some of us like the sound of jazz, blues, pop, reggae, gospel or rap. It all depends on the era in which we were born, or maybe what type of mood we are in at any particular time, can determine what kind of music we want to hear. It is hard to pinpoint exactly when music began, no one has been able to depict its original beginnings, but it is likely to have begun with singing and clapping or beating the hands on different surfaces, for which there is no course of archaeological record. Archaeologist believe that music may have been in existence for at least 55,000 years and the firstShow MoreRelatedThe Origin Of African American Music1462 Words   |  6 Pages The origin of African-American music Nowadays, the United States has the largest music market in the world. Inheriting from the European tradition music from the European immigrants, American music has been deeply influenced by African-American music in both rhythmic and lyrical styles. 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Maintain An Optimum Profit Margin Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3738 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Firms and businesses exist and battle to survive just as living beings within the countries or regions they operate, and just as living beings experience the need to change or create change due to their continuously altering environment, so to do business organizations. In order to stand the test of time and obtain a higher competitive advantage, a business must continue to remain relevant to its customers, it must continuously find ways to provide the relevant product or service for the ever changing consumer base and at the same time maintain an optimum profit margin. This form of artificial or better yet commercial evolution, can be said to be the core reason behind the use of technology in the business world, this is the drive for industrial innovation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Maintain An Optimum Profit Margin Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In 1950 Joseph Alois Schumpeter, stated that; The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates.(p83) As businesses grow and expand beyond their place of origin, they tend to acquire more competitors in any industry they operate and in turn have to find ways to effectively stretch their core competencies in order to compete with their new rivals or develop new competencies, most of the time with the use of technology. The process of innovation is a highly complex series of steps which is somewhat disorderly, difficult to measure and requires a high level of technical knowledge (Kline and Rosenberg, 1986) and this clearly depicts there numerous dangers involved in the innovation process. Also one may ask, how will changing a product or service or the method of its production giv e a company a higher competitive advantage (Utterback and Suarez, 1991) when compared to its counterparts who have chosen to maintain the status-quo, besides why would any company want to change a formula that has worked for them over a long period of time. The concept of innovation has long been studied by numerous scholars with a of lot journals and articles written on it, but this paper will attempt to understand what innovation means to a business operating on a global front by offering case studies on three of the most innovative companies in the world and in that light find out how their innovation has impacted their operations and activities, and whether it has increased their competitive advantage in comparison with their less innovative competitors. What is Innovation? Since the dawn of time large companies or firms have existed for two major reasons, survival in the long run (Utterback and Suarez, 1991) and profit maximization in the short run through obtaining a high market share of their consumers. With the increasing effects of globalisation partnered with the continuously shrinking economic distance and the rapid technological changes occurring (Lall, 2001), companies now find themselves competing on a global scale. The increased scale of competition has created the need for companies to evolve in their activities and progressively grow beyond the status-quo and this is where the need for technology arises. In lay man terms, innovation in business can said to be a positive change in the methods of production or the creation of a whole new product. Mulgan and Albury (2003) define innovation as the successful creation and implementation of new processes, products, services and methods of delivery which result in significant improvements in out comes efficiency, effectiveness or quality (p3). The OECD define innovation as: Consisting of all those scientific, technical, commercial and financial steps necessary for the successful development and marketing of new or improved manufactured products, the commercial use of new or improved processes or equipment or the introduction of a new approach to a social service (1981, 15-16). Nord and Tucker define an innovation as a practice or technology which is being utilized for the first time by a firm or organisation, irrespective of whether it has been implemented by other firms (1987, cited in Klein and Sorra, 1996). In the words of Kline and Rosenberg, who coined the term commercial innovation in order to clearly acknowledge that the concept is been seen from a business angle (1986); The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but of the complete market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and th e social contexts of the innovation organization (p275). Large firms have always found themselves at the forefront of technological breakthroughs and the diffusion of a newly acquired knowledge (Patel and Pavitt, 1992; Cantwell 1994; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Roberts 1995 a and b cited in Gerybadze and Reger, 1997). Most businesses create and run a research and development departments, which are charged with the task of exploring the possibilities of creating and utilizing new technology in their operations in order to either create a new product or a new method of production. Innovation is not only the creation of a new product or a change in the production process, put in the words of Kline and Rosenberg (1986); There is no single, simple dimensionality of innovation. There are, rather, many sorts of dimensions covering a variety of activities. We might think of innovation as a new product but it may also be; an improvement in instruments or methods of doing innovation, the substitution of a cheaper material, the re-organization of production, internal functions or distribution arrangements leading to increased efficiency, better support for a given product or lower cost (p279). Innovation may also be development of skill by a particular firm, through continuous learning and routine problem solving activities (Loasby, 1998) which will eventually become a benefit to that business. None the less, the most recognised forms of technological change in the business world are product innovation and process innovation (Dicken, 2007). Product innovation occurs as soon as company starts creating new commodities, for many organizations creating a new product is a central path by which they adapt or sometimes transform themselves in their changing environment (Woomack, Jones and Roos, 1990; Doherty, 1992; Brown and Eisenhardt, 1995; cited in Eisenhardt and Tabrizi, 1995), Dicken (2007), believes that once a business environment becomes highly competitive, the steady creation of new products will aid in maintaining a firms profit margin and in the long run maybe its survival (p93). Process innovation on the other hand involves developing new, efficient and cheaper means of production while still maintaining the required level of quality. The need for businesses to undergo a continuous process of innovation cannot be stressed enough and due to intense competition, along with fast changing markets and technologies, firms now tend to be more aware of this fact (Harvard Business Review, 1998). As businesses grow within certain regions, gather together and form clusters, there will tend to be an exchange of information among firms operating in different fields of the same industry or the similar fields, these businesses invest in research and development now, not only to create new ideas but to become efficient in the use of the free flowing information in their environment (Cohen Levinthal, 1989). Investment in innovative activities will rise as a result of the complex and varying processes involved for successful innovation (Kline Rosenberg, 1986), the process of studying an industrys environment while researching on new technology and efficient ways of its utilization can turn out to be a very tedious process. There has always been some sort uncertainty in innovation due to the risk involved of either creating a new product or utilizing a new form of technology in the production process, but following the countless amount of detailed research performed on different companies operating in different parts of the world by Michael Porter and Class van der LInde, it was revealed that the companies which were internationally competitive were not those with cheaper input or large scale, but those which were capable of continuous improvement and innovation (1995). Impact of Innovation on Companies Operating Globally: A Study of Apple Computer Inc. and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. The increasing use of technology by businesses can be clearly observed in todays with companies who arent even technology based developing ways to utilize new ideas in their activities or production process. Before the economic downturn, American companies dominated most industries with the most innovative firms but with the economys slow and gradual return, we can find that American companies are no longer the be all and end all in innovation (Businessweek, 2010). 2010 Ranking Company HQ Country Stock Returns 2006-2009 (in %) Revenue Growth 2006-2009 (in %) Margin Growth 2006-2009 (in %) 1 Apple U.S. 35 30 29 2 Google U.S. 10 31 2 3 Microsoft U.S. 3 10 -4 4 IBM U.S. 12 2 11 5 Toyota Japan -20 -11 NA 6 Amazon.com U.S. 51 29 6 7 LG Electronics South Korea 31 16 707 8 BYD China 99 42 -1 9 General Electric U.S. -22 -1 -25 10 Sony Japan -19 -5 NA *21 Wal-Mart Stores U.S. 7 6 -1 *Wal-Mart was does not fall under the 10 companies but is included for the sake of this paper Table 1: Data from Businessweek; 50 Most Innovative Companies, 2010. The table above shows the 10 most innovative firms for the year 2010 along with a 4year analysis of their revenue, stock and their operating margin, but the sake of this paper I am going to focus on Apple, Wal-Mart and Sony, then attempt to find out the impact of their innovation on the industry they operate in as well as themselves over time. Case Study on Apple Computer Inc. Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower Steve Jobs, Apple Computer Inc. CEO. Apple Computer Inc. is located in Silicon Valley and is a quintessential venture-capital-financed high-technology firm (Nonaka Kenney, 1991). As at 1977, the time of Apples conception, the PC industry was dominated by the IBM PC and Microsofts Windows Operating system. Apple was characterised by its idiosyncratic and go-alone strategy and was famous for not allowing its technology to be utilized by other PC makers (West, 2002). Apple placed itself firmly in the PC industry and showed its capacity for innovation by the 1984 release of the Macintosh Apple, which was the first ever mass-market PC with a graphic user interface (GUI) (West, 2005), at this time, what differentiated Apple from all other competition was the fact that they created their own software along with the hardware that ran it as well. Apple creators Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak did not believe the PC should only be a work tool, but should be fun as well and it was this thinking that led to the first successful use of the mouse to interact with the PC (Markides, 1997). In 1994 Apple was forced into licensing its products out to other companies due to high drops in revenue and this in turn led to a loss in their market share as these companies produced similar products at cheaper prices (West, 2002). Although being a highly innovative company, Apple faced numerous issues in the PC industry where it suffered a high level of losses and eventually had to relieve its then CEO John Sculley of his position and re-empoy Steve Jobs as CEO in July 1997 (West, 2005). Apple Inc. went through a massive makeover with the return of one of its founding fathers who came in with a series of highly innovative and profitable products, and eventually diversifying into other markets and altering Apples major product in the process. With the release of the iMac on August 15, 1998 Apple was able to put to rest so me its past failures. These failures included the first Apple Portable, which was bulky and awkward and the Newton, Apples first attempt to enter the PDA market. In 2001, after several years of development, Apple released Mac OS X, an operating system that targeted both consumers and professionals. Mac OS X was a complete redesign from Mac OS 9 and was able to harness the power of UNIX while offering a streamlined user experience with a simplified GUI (Graphical User Interface). The iMac line of personal computers paired with Mac OS X returned Apple to profitability and the release of the iPod portable digital audio player later that year was the icing on the cake. The phenomenal success of the iPod set the stage for future products, including the best-selling mobile device in history, the Apple iPhone, the MacBook line of portable computers, and the Apple iPad which was released on January 27th 2010. (Dougherty, 2010) Apple has experienced success in most recent product releases coupled with massive growth in sales and revenue as shown in 2007 when the sales of their Mac range shot up by 37% (Piero, 2010), while controlling only 7.4% of the American market share as at the fourth quarter of 2009 (Foreman, 2010). With the continuous release of new and exciting products along with their entry and unusual dominance of the mobile phone industry and their literal creation of the tablet PC market with the release of their iPad device, it is evident that Apple is a company that has achieved superiority through rapid and constant innovation and will continue to garner a reputation that is far out of proportion to its size or market share (West and Mace, 2007). Case Study on Wal-Mart Stores Inc.* Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is the brain child of Sam Walton which was made a reality in 1962 when the discount retailer was opened. Sam Walton operated only in small towns which allowed them run their operations on a small scale, in relation to their bigger and better resourced competitors. The expansion of Wal-Mart was a slow and gradual yet efficient process, the company grew at a pace which Sam Walton could easily manage and be actively present in most activities. Wal-Mart operated as low cost strategy which was hard to maintain due to the lack of a suitable working relationships with suppliers and distribution chain, suppliers saw Wal-Mart as a minor player in the retail industry and treated them as such. In order to minimize costs Wal-Mart utilized vertical integration by building their own warehouses and obtaining their own trucks for transportation, with this and the use of their Everyday Low Price Strategy (EDLP) which saved them a large amount of funds that would have been spent on advertising, Wal-Mart was on its way to obtaining market leadership. The 70s saw a change in Wal-Marts corporate nature as the company went public, in order to expand beyond its 30 stores and raised about $5million in the process. In less than 25 years, Wal-Mart had risen to become the largest American corporation in terms of sales. With over $374 billion in revenue, Wal-Mart had overshadowed all competition in its home market and is proposed to hit half a trillion dollars in revenue within the next decade (Upbin, 2004 cited in Hesterly, n.d). Wal-Marts success can be attributed to its low cost strategy and its intense use of technology in its operations. Technology investments in sophisticated inventory, management systems, state of the art distribution centres, and other aspects of logistics werent seen as very important areas of the retail industry. Wal-Mart had pioneered the use of technology in the retail industry and still possesses significant advantage over its compet itors. The use Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to shorten distribution cycle, by providing a direct transfer of sales information directly from the discounters register to the suppliers computers. Wal-Mart was the leader in forging EDI links with suppliers with its Retail Link System which provided inventory information for over 3000 stores to about 3000 vendors (Standard and Poor, 1998 cited in Hesterly, n.d). In 2003, Wal-Mart once again showed its penance for technological initiative with its push for the use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) by all suppliers, in order to track inventory more precisely than the traditional methods, although the use of the RFID was not widely accepted it was shown to save Wal-Mart up to $8 billion in costs. At the heart of Wal-Marts success remains its distribution and logistics system which had been born out of the need to service so many stores in small towns while maintaining low costs, as a result of this, Wal-Mart created and utilized t heir own distribution centres which used a cross-docking technique. In cross-docking, goods were delivered to distribution centres and often simply loaded from one dock to another or even from one truck to another without sitting in inventory, the cross-docking technique reduced Wal-Marts cost of sales by 3% in comparison to competitors who no matter how much they attempted could not perfectly replicate the technique. Wal-Mart, though operating in a service oriented industry laid their emphasis on innovation and continuous improvement, and this can be traced back to the old days when there were either no computers or they were not affordable, then Sam Walton would keep a ledger of measures on several variables for each store, the emergence and efficient utilization of information technology enabled Wal-Mart to extend its emphasis on information and measurement and transform this into success and immense global growth. *Case created by Dr. William Hesterley for the purpose of a class discussion Case Study on Sony Electronics Inc. Sony Electronics Inc. is a well-known electronic company formed in 1946 in the post-world war two era by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita under the then name Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (Kenan, n.d). From the outset, Sonys original management policies revolved around product innovation and the company strived to make consumer electronics which were compact in size and highly portable (Vila and Mitchell, 2007). After their 1950 release of Japans first tape recorder (Kenan, n.d) Masaru Ibuka travelled to the United States in order to market this invention, which was Sonys first major product (Chaudhuri, 2007) and relative success. Sony eventually became known for their innovative and consumer friendly products, in 1955 after they obtained the licence for the transistor for Western Electronics (Chaudhari, 2007) and went on to create Japans first transistor radio the TR-55 and a slew of other highly innovative products including the worlds first direct-view portable television set, the TV8-301 in 1960, along with the worlds tiniest all transistor television set in 1962, the worlds first blu-ray disc player in 2003, and in 2005 they were credited with building the worlds smallest video camera which also shot in high definition (Kenan, n.d), but the product that made Sony a household name and reckonable force in their industry was the Walkman. The Walkman was produced in 1979 and was a massive hit with consumers, the product was not the first of its kind, with tape recorders already existing long before its arrival but it was an advance in marketing, produced not for journalist professionals but for the average and common user as a the first portable music player (Hormby, 2006) paving the way for Apples iPod and Microsofts Zune. The Walkman created a cultural impact immediately becoming a highly sought after commodity by everyone irrespective of age or country (Du Gay, Hall, Janes, Mackay and Negus, 1997), in the words of Akio Morita; Thi s is the product that will satisfy those young people who want to listen to music all day. They would take it everywhere and wont have to care about record function. If we put a playback-only headphone stereo like this on the market itll be a hit February 1979, Sony Headquarters (Bellis, n.d). Beyond the culture defining era of the Walkman series, Sony continued to show its ability to bring dream into realities with the release of its Sony Discman or CD Walkman series, which utilized the already growing compact disc format. The Discman also included some series with radio and reception (Hassan, 2010). In recent years Sony has diversified into the mobile phone industry with its joint venture with Ericsson and also the gaming industry with its widely popular console the Playstation, which saw an increase in sales in 2010 (Mokey, 2010). From a company started with less than 1500 dollars (Kenan, n.d), Sony as at 2006 boasted of a worldwide sales figure of 63.9 billion dollars (Cahaud huri, 2007) and has now been at the forefront of technological breakthroughs for the past 64years while still remaining a highly profitable and reliable brand name in the consumer electronics industry and with their background based on constant product innovation and a continuous search for new technology, Sony Electronics Inc. will remain a highly regarded company for more years to come. Conclusion There have been numerous journals that have attempted to draw out the relationship between innovation and the performance of a firm or business (eg. Feeny and Rogers, 2001; Loof and Heshmati, 2001) and it can also be seen from these journals that innovative firms are among the most efficient in their industries and can also enter into other with little to no issues. A direct linkage can be seen between a firms performance and its level of utilized technology, Geroski (1994, p130) sums up that innovation can influence a firms performance in two ways: The first is of the notion that the creation of new products or processes of production will strengthen a firms competitive position in relation to its rivals. But the profits and growth will be short-lived and only last as long as the innovating firm can defend its position against rivals. The second view argues that the process of innovation alters a firm fundamentally by enhancing its internal capabilities, making it more flexible and adaptable to market pressures than non-innovating firms (cited in Neely and Hii, 1998). Innovation is the key to competitive advantage in a highly turbulent environment, and has direct consequences to a firms ability to compete due to the value it creates by developing new products or new methods of production (Neely Hii, 1998) and there is an obvious relationship between the intensity of competition and innovative activities (Bonanno and Haworth, 1998). Looking at Wal-Mart Stores Inc., Apple Computer Inc., and Sony Electronics Inc., all companies occupy or at one time occupied the market leader position in a specific industry or more and are also recognised as highly innovative firms, these similarities are far from coincidences, both Wal-Mart and Apple rank in at numbers 1 and 56 respectively in the Fortune 500 list and were two of the most profitable companies of the year (Fortune, 2010), also looking at the Table.1 it can clearly be seen that the companies listed are ei ther the market leaders in their industries or extremely strong and rapidly growing competitors. Innovation from all this can be said to have a positive impact on the productivity and efficiency of businesses, be it a manufacturing or service providing firm. All firms should be involved in innovative activities despite the risks involved and the high costs of investing in technology I can say that the firms that will come out on top in the race to be global leader in their respective industries are those that embrace technology and its utilize it efficiently in their activities.

The Globalization of the World Social Forum Essay

What is globalization to you? Are you in favor of, against, or simply indifferent to globalization? As we move further into the twenty-first century, we find ourselves easily attracted to catch phrases and popular movements of the time. In the last ten years, the term â€Å"globalization† has emerged as a buzzword among those in both the economic and social spheres of daily life. Usually, with every movement comes a form of resistance, therefore, somewhat appropriately, with globalization comes anti-globalization. Many actors are associated with both the globalization movement and its opposite, among which are individuals, states, and various organizations. The two actors that most intrigued and puzzled me were, what seemed to me, to be†¦show more content†¦The WSF, in a span of two years, has mobilized hundreds of thousands of people all over the globe, towards a movement which originated with the purpose of standing in opposition to the WEF. Since the first w orld encounter in 2001, the WSF has evolved into an ongoing global gathering of social movements, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and other civil society organizations who oppose an international neo-liberal economic regime characterized by corporate-led globalization and economic imperialism, and who come together to propose ideas, deliberate democratically, formulate alternatives, and share their experiences. It appeared that the WSF was in fact using the process of globalization itself as their means to combat the WEF. It seemed to me to be too contradictory not to explore. This led me to ask myself, â€Å"Does the World Social Forum, with its aim to stand in opposition to globalization and the World Economic Forum, in fact actually contribute to the globalization movement? † This is the question I will be addressing in this paper. 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Lorraine Hansberry rejected the limitations of her Essay Example For Students

Lorraine Hansberry rejected the limitations of her Essay race and gender and through her written works, became a social activist and expanded the role of a black woman in America. Lorraine Hansberry wrote many works that allowed her to explain her views. She also explored these ideas through playwrights. Lorraine Hansberry was said to be a spearhead of the future. She was a woman who refused to be confined by the categories of race and gender (Tripp 3). Lorraine Hansberry was born in 1930. Both of her parents were activists challenging discrimination laws. Many famous black people frequently visited her home because of her parents authority (Tripp 2). Two of these famous black Americans that often visited Lorraines home were Paul Robeson and Langston Hughes. They were her shining light so to speak. Especially when it came time for her to find her own place in the New York literary world (Cheney 36). Paul Robeson provided great inspiration for Lorraines writings. On the other hand, Langston Hughes gave her a social consciousness of her poetic possibilities of her own race. He also gave her an appreciation of the black American culture. She had also learned from Hughes that in spite of obstacles, black people remained a powerful force in America (Cheney 46-53). Although the Hansberry family was comfortably settled as middle-class economic status, they were still subject to the racial segregation and discrimination characteristic of th e period, and they were most active in opposing it (Smith 147). Lorraines writing career was started in the area of magazines. She was writing for Paul Robesons Freedom magazine. At this time, Lorraine would always say, I was born black and female, these were the twin identities that would dominate her life and her work. This was her source of motivation, by retelling this statement to herself and the others around her. Another concern of hers was the human conditions as blacks experienced it. She spent much of her life making an effort to change these conditions (Cheney 140; Tripp 2). Lorraine Hansberrys first play was named, The Crystal Stair. It was named after a line in the Langston Hughes poem, Mother to Son. Lorraine later changed the title of her play to, A Raisin in the Sun. This was as well taken from one of Langston Hughes pieces, A Dream Deferred (Draper 951). Lorraines second play was named The Sign in Sidney Brusteins Window. This play never matched the success of her first play A Raisin in the Sun. This play did use a realistic format that was drawn from her own life (Magill, Great Women201). Lorraine wrote at least five plays. All of which revealed the depth of her concern for the black race and for all of the downtrodden races in America and abroad (Cheney 52). Lorraine Hansberry used a realistic style and had a stress on the possibilities for heroism. This stress for heroism within each of her characteristics had everything to do with the purpose that she saw in drama (Magill, Great Women200)The majority of Lorraines works were about the black family of her time. She showed many important characteristics in each piece. Some of which were the importance of African roots, the equality of women, and the vulnerability of marriage (Draper 953). The play The Crystal Stair, later changed to A Raisin in the Sun, was about a man with a plea for racial tolerance over the incentive society in his time (Draper 950). This was merely based on Lorraines childhood experiences of the disintegrating of white neighborhoods. It also portrayed slavery as uncontrollable and completely the work victimizing institutions designed to exploit cheaper labor. This play also focuses on the problem of what a family should do with $10,000 that a mother receives as an insurance payment after the death of her husband. Lorraine got the idea for that part of the play directly out of her own home, in the way that this was the same problem Lorraines mother faced at the time of her husbands death. (Magill, Gre4at Women200). Because the play explores a universal theme-the search for the freedom and better life- the majority of its first audience loved the work (Draper 951). A Raisin in the Sun won the award as the Best Play of the Year in the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. By winning this award, Lorraine opened the door for generations to come of black writers who were encouraged by her. She was the first black person as well as the first female to win this award (Tripp 2; Smith 151). .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .postImageUrl , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:hover , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:visited , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:active { border:0!important; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:active , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fabric And Jewelery In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight EssayA moving testament to the strength and endurance of the human spirit, A Raisin in the Sun, is a quiet celebration of the black family, the importance of African roots, the equality of women, the vulnerability of marriage, the true value of money, the survival of the individual, and the nature of a mans dream (Cheney 53). Lorraine Hansberry used the success she gained from A Raisin in the Sun as a platform to speak out for the American Civil Rights Movement and for the African struggle to free itself from white rule. At this time the whites did not have total control, but felt they were superior to the blacks and other races. She helped raise money, gave impassioned speeches, and took part in panels and interviews to further causes (Tripp 3). Lorraine used her success in away that was useful to the society. Instead of taking the money she earned from her playwrights and keeping it for herself and family, she put it towards the Civil Rights Movements. She used her first play to make her a public figure and she used her new found fame to champion the causes of civil rights and African independence (Magill, Great Women200). Hansberry succeeded in her goal, which was in creating believable rounded black people. An early interview in the New York Times misquoted her as saying that A Raisin in the Sun, said not a Negro play, and that she was a writer who happened to be a Negro. This caused much commotion in the arts and her life until it was cleared as untrue (Smith 155). After Lorraine Hansberry wrote her few plays, she quickly took on the task of becoming an articulate spokesperson for black Americans in the struggles for civil rights. Lorraine was a well vocal critic of racial discrimination. She also spoke highly of sexual and class discrimination. These themes were the basis for most of her plays and her career (Draper 147). As the Civil Rights Movement intensified, she had the need to help out with anything she could. Hansberry helped plan fundraising events to support organizations such as Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). She publicly agreed that Negroes should defend themselves against terrorist attacks when necessary (Smith 152). Lorraine never gave up her dedication to her work. She began having bad health problems. Although her health was in rapid decline, she greeted 19634 as a year of glorious work. Despite Hansberrys trips in and out of the hospital, she continued with the many projects on her writing schedule (Smith 153). One reporter noted that, The black experience creates a lot of stress, and . A form of cancer can evolve from emotional stress of racism. This was indeed to be the situation of Lorraine Hansberry (Cheney 31). Lorraine struggled to do speeches, but still attempted to remain involved in civil right activities. Lorraine Hansberry was very much both a black and female activist. In being this way, she felt she could do anything that a person with full respect and rights could do. Feeling this way, Lorraine began to claim her identity as a lesbian in a letter, to a lesbian periodical, The Ladder. At the time of her death, the fact that she was a lesbian was not widely known factor to the public, as well as the fact that she had divorced her husband (Tripp 3). Lorraine Hansberrys career was very brief. She died of cancer at the age of 34 years. Only two of her plays were produced in her lifetime, yet she did record some very impressive theatrical achievements. As mentioned earlier, she was the first black person, the youngest person, and the first woman to win the New York Drama Critics Award which was voted Best Play. Since Hansberry, no writer has captured the spectrum, depths, and heights of the black experiences as she did (Cheney 65). .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .postImageUrl , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:hover , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:visited , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:active { border:0!important; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:active , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why I Chose Accounting EssayThis scholar feels that Lorraine Hansberry has given each and every one of us a chance to do what we fell is best for ourselves. It is a shame that Lorraine Hansberry died at such a young age because this writer feels that she would have added great hope and dignity to the world we live in today. Lorraine Hansberry did not allow the restrictions of her race and gender to hold her back from becoming the woman she wanted to be. Lorraine used these two limitations to unlock the door for others to follow in her footsteps and further the goals she helped to establish.

Why Drugs should remain Illegal Essay Example

Why Drugs should remain Illegal Essay The debate on whether drugs should be legalized in the US has remained a controversial one in the public domain. Opponents of drug legalization have blamed drug abuse for increased crime activities in the society. In addition, drugs have significantly compromised the behavior of the young generation, an element that threatens the future sustainable social-economic development of our nation. Other claims against legalization of drugs include increasing irresponsible sexual behavior, spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS through sharing non-sterile needles, and negation of the nation’s economic development policies as it encourages black market practices (Clark, 1997). Proponents of legalization of drugs claim that it is in line with their constitutional right to the freedom of choice. Another common claim by supporters of legalizing drugs is that such could significantly reduce abuse among members of the community. This claim is backed by the assertion that being illegal, drug use remains hard to identify and make early interventions to safeguard the young generation (Goldstein, 2010). Further, proponents of legalizing drugs claim that it will give additional revenue to the government through taxation of drug businesses (Kallen, 2005). Indeed, available statistical indicate that the government looses billions of dollars through illegal drug business. All in all, given the negative social, health, and economic implications of drugs in the American nation, drugs should remain illegal in the United States. This paper is a discussion of the various harmful effects brought by drugs in the American community. The author will also give a critical look at the impact legalization of drugs in other nations have had to their community as a way of supporting why drugs should remain illegal in the US. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Drugs should remain Illegal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Drugs should remain Illegal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Drugs should remain Illegal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why Drugs should remain Illegal The problem of drug sale and abuse has been a major problem facing the American community. According to the federal laws, the sale, possession, or use of illegal drugs is a crime. Numerous drugs have been categorized as illegal under the Drug and Food Act. In this effect, the federal government spends billions of dollars in the war against drugs in the nations (Boaz, 1999). Such costs include identifying, investigating, arresting, and charging criminals in the law courts. Other associated costs are those of sustaining the large numbers of prisoners convicted of drug related crimes in our correction facilities. Despite the numerous claims that legalizing drugs could resolve the drug problem, the negative effects of drug abuse are far much higher compared to any benefits that can come with it legalization. 2.1   Drugs and crime activities Drugs and drug abuse have been closely linked with the ever increasing incidences of crime activities in the community. Drug abuse negates the reasoning and judgmental ability of the victim or impaired judgment (Kallen, 2005). Based on this reasoning, victims of drug abuse have high chances of engaging in crime activities while under the influence of such drugs. In addition, drug trafficking is by it essence a criminal activity in the nation. According to statistical reports from the FBI, the US nation has over 31,000 organized crime groups most of whom are involved in drug dealing activities and violence against local community members (Boaz, 1999). Drug trafficking and abuse has no doubt led to escalation of violence and other forms of crime in the community. True from available literature, contractual agreements among drug dealers are tense and fragile. This is explained by the fact that most of this agreements end up in murderous rivalry among the involved parties, a factor that posses imminent danger to the neighboring communities. On the other hand, the war on drugs in the US has witnessed the killing of numerous law enforcement officials by members of the drug dealing cycles. In addition, drugs are a security threat to the local members of the community. According to the principles of effective security provisions in the community must engage the local members of the community. This is due to the fact that such are the people who live with the criminals in their neighborhoods. On the other side, drug dealing as a criminal offense leaves neighbors at threat of attack upon reporting such incidences to the law enforcement. Thus, drugs are a real source of the propagation of criminal activities in the US. 2.2   Effects on the youth generation Drugs have numerous negative effects on the young generation in our community. According to available information drug abuse among the teens begins at an average age of 14 years (Levendis, 2008). It has been established that at this age most children start using drugs like marijuana. On the other side, medical evidence has attributed the use of marijuana with high potential desire for engaging in the use of stringer drugs such as cocaine and heroin among others. Available statistical evidence indicates that an estimated over 40 percent of the American population between 12 and 18 years of age are actively engaged in abusing drugs. Apart from illegal drugs, alcohol and cigarette smoking form the backbone of the drug abuse crimes committed by this young population (Clark, 1997). This has the implication that the young generation is at the risk of indulging in the use of highly addictive drugs such as cocaine at the early ages in life.   Moreover, dependency on drugs threatens the social and academic prosperity of the youth in the society. True to the letter, drug use compromises the reasoning ability of user. Based on this reason, it is commonly asserted that most incidences of school violence are a direct result of drug abuse among students (Croft, 2000). Still, due to the fact that drugs negate reasoning, it significantly compromises the ability of students to perform sufficiently in their studies. This is to be appreciated as enough claims to support the assertion that drugs threaten the future development of our nation. It is worth noting that education is no doubt the most important possession by an individual in the modern capitalistic community. On the social aspect of drugs on the youth is the question of antisocial behaviors caused by drug abuse. Drug use is associated with psychological effects such as stress, anxiety, and depression. On the other side, the structural principles of effective socialization dictate for optimum cooperation among the involved parties in the structure. As a result of this, drugs could sufficiently compromise the ability of the young generation to indulge in sustainable social relations in the community. In addition, drug addictive risks driving the young into criminal activities. It is common knowledge that the young members of the society are highly dependent on their parent for financial assistance. This poses a clear limit in their financial ability to meet their drug entertainment desires. Due to this fact, drug abuse by the young population is a direct cause of the high rates of crime offenses by underage in the community. All these have the implication that drugs are a major threat to the future social, academic, security, political and economic good of the US nation. 2.3   Drugs as a cause of irresponsible behavior Numerous psychological research findings have evidently established that the use of drugs has negative effects in the functioning of the brain. Most of the drugs compromise the victim’s ability to efficiently reason and judge situations. This implies that drugs can lead the user to lead irresponsible life (Christensen, 2006). As an emphasis to this is the fact that drug abuse increases aggression in the individual, an element that can lead to violent behavior and constant conflict with other members of the community. Another irresponsible behavior brought by drugs is irresponsible sexual behavior. Negatively influencing the worldview and reasoning of the victim, drugs have been significantly blamed for the spreading of HIV/AIDS in some American communities (Little, 2010). This is because research has shown that while under the influence drugs the chances of engaging in unprotected sex with a strange are quite high. In support of this assertion, the HIV/AIDS pandemic facing the African American community is mainly blamed on the problem of drug abuse in this community (Little, 2010). Sharing if non-sterile needled for intramuscular drug infection is one of the factors contributing to the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, which increases health care expenditure. . 2.4   Drugs and our health Drugs have numerous negative health implications. The use of drugs like marijuana and cigarettes has been evidently closely attributed with the high rates of lung cancer among members of the society (Goode, 1997). Unlike cigarettes, smokers of marijuana are at a higher risk of sustaining cancer. This can be explained by the high inhalation and long duration of keeping the smoke in the lungs by marijuana smokers. Another health complication brought by drugs is high blood and heart rate which if beyond a particular limit can result to death. Abuse of drugs leads to addiction. According to psychological evidence available, continued use of a particular drug increases ones risk of becoming dependant on the drug. On the other side, it has been asserted that the effects of some drugs such as cocaine and heroin are quite addictive even to first time user (Inciardi, 1999). Moreover, other drugs such as marijuana are highly influential in dictating for the use of stronger drugs such as cocaine. Based on the above reasons, it is quite clear that the abuse of drugs leads to dependency, a health condition that compromises one’s effective productivity in the society. Death due to overdose of drugs has also been a major social and health problem brought by drugs. Overdose of cocaine for example increases heart rate beyond limits, an element that can result to heart attack or even death (Gottfried, 2000). Other health implications brought by drugs include, depression and anxiety. Just to be appreciated is the fact that depression is a psychological problem that serves to negate one’s positive attitude towards life and other members of the community. Due to this, drugs are blamed for the increased incidences of suicidal behavior in the American society (Inciardi, 1999). As an emphasis to this assertion, statistical information on suicide, it is clear that most case of suicide reported is at the adolescence stage. This is due to the fact that the youth is the population that is heavily engaged in the abuse of drugs. Such can also be explained from the fact that the youth population is not mature enough to effectively deal with the psychological problems brought by the use of drugs. 2.5   Effects on economic development The economic implications of drugs are a two way problems by nature. First, drug business is an illegal one according to the law. Indeed, this is the reason why federal, state, and local governments spend billions of dollars annually in the war against drugs. Owing to this fact, the drug business remains an underground business. This means that the government does not enjoy the privilege of collecting revenue from illegal drug business. It is a common consensus that the American government looses over 12 billion in taxation from the multi-million drug business (Boaz, 1999). Such can be seen as a major blow to the economic prosperity of the economy. It is worth noting that it is through the revenue collected by the government that public infrastructures, institutions, and other community projects are implemented. In addition, the same revenue is used for overseeing the efficient running of government institutions responsible for addressing public needs. Therefore, drugs are a major economic blow as they deny the government revenue. The other economic aspect of drugs is its effects in rendering members of the community typically none productive (Koutsoumbos, 2009). As is evident from the effects of drugs on health and behavior, it is quite clear that drugs compromise the victim’s ability to provide reliable services at the workplace. Employee random drug testing programs are a common procedure used by employees to ensure soberness for the safety and efficiency of employees in an organization. As a result of this program, many victims of drug abuse loose job opportunities making them a burden to the community. Still, the question of aggression as brought by drug abuse compromises the individual’s ability to promote sustainable interpersonal relations at the workplace. This is a negation to the provisions of business management principles which perceive team work as a crucial in enhancing the performance of an organization. On the other hand, dependency on drugs results into economic dependency and increased rate of criminal activities in the community (Little, 2010). Although the government must provide for its population, working functions the ultimate purpose of ensuring individual economic and thus social independence in the community. Moreover, investment is a source of economic independence to the investor. However, with drugs being closely responsible for increased crime in the community, they indeed threaten economic independence of other members of the community. 2.6   Impact of legalizing drugs in other nations Many nations such as Netherlands and Portugal have passed legislations discriminating the possession, sale of some drugs such as marijuana (Little, 2010). This resolution has not been prompted by the fact that drugs are not harmful to the user but rather due to considerations of the high costs incurred by the governments in the unsuccessful war against drugs. Although nations that allow drugs claim reduced law enforcement costs, the associated costs of addressing the social, health, and economic consequences are no doubt far higher. On the other side, legalization of drugs in nations like Netherlands remains a real threat to the European nations. It is claimed that Netherlands acts as the transit of almost all drugs entering Europe (Little, 2010). In addition, the nation is a leading producer of cannabis, heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines as well as other synthetic drugs. Given that most European nations have zero tolerance to drugs, Netherlands remains under pressure to beep up it cross border security to mitigating trafficking of such drugs to Europe. This is no doubt an increased law enforcement cost on the government. 2.7   Why legalizing drugs will not bring economic benefits to the nation Legalizing drugs in the American nation will not improve our economic status as such businesses will still remain on the black market. This is due to the fact that drug dealers are used to getting tax free money, an element that will prompted tax evasion practices (Boaz, 1999). Further, legalization of drugs could dictate for government taxation of the drugs. This could also require drug selling to be formal. All this have the implication of substantially increasing the overall costs of the drugs in the market. Such could force for black market practices as a strategy by dealers to increase their customer and thus profit base. This means that neither the government nor the public would sufficiently benefit from legalization of drugs. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion Drugs should remain illegal in the American nation. This is because they pose a major threat to our cultural, social, economic, political, and academic structures. Drugs have been significantly blamed for the increase of criminology among American communities. The American young population has been overwhelming received numerous critics for its drug abuse behavior. A part from these, even the nations which have legalized drugs have not seen any tangible benefit from the practices. Indeed, this nations are not only dealing with the negative effects brought by drug abuse among its citizens, but above all dealing with underground drug markets. America is for sure no exception; let drugs remain illegal to safety our social and economic development. References Boaz, D. (1999). Drug Legalization, Criminalization and Harm Reduction. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-dbz061699.html Christensen, M. (2006). Marijuana Should Remain Illegal. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Marijuana-Should-Remain-Illegalid=247390 Clark, T. (1997). Keep Marijuana Illegal-for Teens-Cover Story. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_n3_v57/ai_19399184/ Croft, J. (2000). Drugs and the Legalization Debate. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Goldstein, M. (2010). Legalizing Drugs: Crime Stopper or Social Risk? Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books. Goode, E. (1997). Between politics: and Reason: The Drug Legalization Debate. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Gottfried, T. (2000). Should Drugs Be Legalized? Brookfield, Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books. Inciardi, J. (1999). The Drug Legalization Debate. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Kallen, S. (2005). Legalizing Drugs. Westport CT: Greenwood press. Koutsoumbos, T. (2009). Why Drugs Should Stay Illegal. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://www.the-vibe.co.uk/2009/08/14/why-drugs-should-stay-illegal/ Levendis, J. (2008). Husak, Douglas, and Peter de Marneffe. The Legalization of Drugs. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_5_67/ai_n31203722/ Little, D. (2010). Marijuana Should Remain Illegal. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://www.cannabisnews.org/united-states-cannabis-news/marijuana-should-remain-illegal/

Short term sensory store Essays

Short term sensory store Essays Short term sensory store Paper Short term sensory store Paper Sensory Memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. Sensory memory allows the sensation of a visual pattern, sound or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over. In the case of vision, people really perceive an afterimage rather than the actual stimulus. Short-term Memory is a limited capacity store than can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds. In contrast, information stored in long-term memory may last weeks, months or years. Actually, you can maintain information in your short-term memory for longer than 30 seconds. How? Primarily, by engaging in rehearsal the process of verbalizing or thinking about the informationwithout rehearsal, information in short-term memory quickly decays with the passage of time. You can increase the capacity of your short-term memory by combining stimuli into larger, possibly higher-order, units called chunks. A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. The two key characteristics that originally defined short-term memory small capacity and short storage duration are still present in the concept of working memory. In certain models (Wickens (1992) being one such model), perceptual processes are conceptually separated into two stages: a short term sensory store (STSS) and perception. What these two stages have in common is the role of filtering out unnecessary information. Short Term Sensory Store (STSS) The STSS is a temporary storage mechanism associated with each sensory channel (i.e. the organs of the body responsible for touch, sight, smell, taste and hearing tactile system, eyes, nose, tongue and ears). For example, when you close your eyes an image remains in front of your (closed) eyes for a short period of time. This is referred to as iconic storage (echoic storage would be the same process of temporary storage associated with hearing). The STSS has a number of important characteristics which enable researchers to determine what constitutes temporary early processing versus deeper level processing. Firstly, the STSS is pre-attentive. This means that no conscious attention is required for something to be stored in an STSS, rather the signal/stimulus is stored in a particular STSS automatically. Secondly, the STSS is veridical. This means that the signal/stimulus is preserved in the STSS with all the physical attributes of the actual signal/stimulus. The STSS retains an exact replica of the physical attributes of the signal/stimulus. Finally, the STSS is short duration. The contents of the STSS using decay quite rapidly. The the case of iconic storage, the physical attributes of the stimulus usually decay after approximately one second, while in echoic storage the physical attributes of the signal/stimulus usually decay after approximately three seconds, and kineasthetic storage lasts approximately eight seconds. The STSS is important in cognitive ergonomics because it draws attention to the presence and the limitations of the temporary storage capacity of our sensory organs. Firstly, we must note that our sensory organs retain some memory of the signal/stimulus that enables us to perceive it without actually paying attention to it . Secondly, we must note that that each of the STSS have time-related constraints, and these constraints differ according to the sensory channel. For example, we are able to perceive visual cues from our environment even when we are not directing our conscious attention to those cues, provided that the visual cue enters the iconic storage mechanism and provided that the time interval is relatively short (approximately one second). For the most part though the STSS enables us to retain something of the signal/stimulus to allow further processing (or discarding). Perceptual Encoding Once a signal/stimulus has passed into the STSS it may be processed at progressively higher centres within the central nervous system. One theory contends that once information makes contact with a unique neural node that has previously been learned, is stored or is innate, then this information is perceived. Perception is an early information processing stage that is essentially involved with the recognition of a signal/stimuli and putting it into a category. Theorists and researchers have noted that there are different categories of perception. Absolute Judgement refers to the perceptual classification of a signal/stimulus into a particular categorical level (as is typical in absolute judgement task). This is characterised by people being asked to determine the loudness of a tone, the size of a crowd, or the smoothness of a surface. In such perception tasks, people are required to determine a single attribute. Detection is the simplest form of perception, which in essence is asking the question: is the signal/stimulus/target present or not? Pattern recognition, on the other hand is a more complex task that requires a person to perceive at least two dimensions in order to match a particular stimulus to a category. In the case of pattern recognition there is a great deal of interplay between perception and memory (long term memory in particular). Each of the combinations of the dimensions (usually referred to as features) must be compared to existing categorisations within long term memory. For example, the letters A a A a aA all fall into the category of a single alphabetic letter, despite their (slightly) different appearance. We are able to recognise the pattern and assign these letters to the same category. Finally, analogue perception is the continual perceptual categorisation of a dynamic signal/stimulus. Such perception is required when driving a car, when looking at an action movie or just walking across the street. It is important to note that perception requires some element of conscious attention in order to function. In this way, we are able to separate the roles of STSS and perceptual encoding, even although both processes are involved with the acquisition and filtering of information for higher order cognitive processing. The role of perceptual encoding in cognitive ergonomics is important for a number of reasons. Understanding when people are able to perceive a signal or not is important for many absolute judgement tasks. Whether a Doctor can see a small fracture on an X-ray, whether a security guard can detect a near invisible intruder on security monitor, or whether a quality assurance officer can see the small fault in a beer bottle top or all examples of real-world absolute judgement tasks that can benefit from our understanding of the mechanisms of absolute judgement perception. Pattern recognition can be applied to even more contexts than absolute judgement perception. Our understanding of pattern recognition has been applied to the problems of recognition of pictures, symbols (including letters or the alphabet and numbers) and icons. The large numbers of icons and pictorial symbols in computer software, on microwave ovens, on cellular phone displays and even motor vehicle dashboards demonstrates how prolific pattern recognition is within modern technological society. As these symbols are used more in society, so we are able to develop memory traces that enable us to recognise similar symbols in different situations. However, when we encounter unfamiliar symbols we can become confused and in some cases reluctant to continue.

Gaming and gambling addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gaming and gambling addiction - Research Paper Example Addicts should be provided with adequate help and treatment to get rid of the disease. However, we first need to define the gaming and gambling addiction? Secondly, roles of public and private organizations as well as individuals to stop and discourage online gaming and gambling should be well defined. Antonius has pointed out the same in his article when he say, â€Å" Studies have consistently demonstrated the existence of a small subgroup of video gamers that is seemingly ‘addicted’ to games. (Antonius et al. 205). Though initially the problem begun to erupt at a manageable scale but later on it expanded to a scale that attracted attentions of policy makers, developers and psychiatrists and there were all out efforts to address the issue. â€Å"This online component in gaming led to the initiation of (private and public) treatment programmers targeting gaming addiction. Consequently, there is increasing focus upon online games when studying video game addiction.â₠¬ . Number of research experts from all around the globe began to explore various aspects of the problem and theories are now established in game addiction. Antonius, while elaborating this talk about Korean and western researchers, â€Å"Researcher report specifically that Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) are the main culprits in cases of online video game addiction.... s where the initial form of this addiction and now multiplayer online games have emerged as the most recent form that need more attention, involvement and time. â€Å"In the 1980s, games such as Centipede, Space Invaders, Pac Man, and Donkey Kong were popularized. These were single-player games against the machine and getting good at the game only meant a high score and improvement of the gamers’ eye-hand coordination. By the 1990s, gaming evolved from single-player games to gaming experiences. Gamers could become immersed in a virtual world that they helped to create. Games such as Doom and Quake were introduced that allowed players to create new rooms, customize their characters, and specify the kinds of weapons used.† (Young, 356). The advancement in the online and offline gaming were very fast and the new richer gaming features attracted the attention of most Internet users. Last two decades have seen an outburst of these games with ever advancing lucid graphics and interactive features. Obviously the grown attention of our adolescents to these trends resulted in decreased attention around their surroundings and academic activities. They may even not watch where they going because their face is buried in a game. They might also lose grip with reality because in the games they can be or do anything they want. â€Å"There are also studies that have claimed that online gaming addiction may be addictive because of self-report accounts of very excessive use of up to 80h a week† (Griffiths et al., 205-216). However, Griffiths has argued that excessive activity and addictive activity are two very different things (although admittedly they do overlap) (Griffiths, 191-197). But according to Antonius, â€Å"the present study contributes to the debate on video game addiction by

Four steps of a formal control system Research Paper

Four steps of a formal control system - Research Paper Example Measurement of performance entails activities such as the counting of the number of products or units created, distributed or the amount of cash inflows, outflows and income earned. To measure performance, the requisite data must be collected. The sources of this data could be observation of production activities, written reports from supervisors or managers, and oral reports from employees. Thus, organizations should have skilled staffs to collect and analyze the relevant data. Luckily, the current technological advances and computerization have made it easier for organizations to collect and analyze data and give reports in formats that are easily understood. In addition to making analysis easier, technology has decreased the cost of data handling processes for organizations. Once performance is measured, the findings should be handed over to the right persons to take the recommended courses of action. This handover must be done in time for the timely rectification of discrepancies or variations. The measured performance should then be compared with the standards set at the first step. This exercise is referred to as performance evaluation, to establish the extent to which the standards are met or the objectives are achieved. The impacts of variations or deviations in performance from standards vary across industries and across departments in an organization. For sensitive manufacturing processes, a slight deviation could be detrimental to product quality, thus, to customer satisfaction and loyalty.

True Nature And Personality Of The Creature Frankenstein English Literature Essay

True Nature And Personality Of The Creature Frankenstein English Literature Essay The creature experiences many rejections from society, the first time he was rejected was by his own creator himself, he was then rejected a second time in the forest where he meets a peasant or when he enter the villagers and the children shrieked, and one of the women fainted or when he tries to save a girl from drowning the villages throw rocks at him(I had saved a human being from destruction, and, as recompense, I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound, which shattered the flesh and bone. . It seems that the creature destiny is to be lonely and guilty due to his appearance and to the death he has caused. The creature prefers to stay away from people because everyone he met either attacked him or fled away. The monster discovers throw his reflection that is was ugly and understands the reaction of the human. Quote. The monster admires the De lacey family, as he does not have one. It feels the need to have a family, he sees how the Felix fiancà © got accepted in the fami ly and how Felix taught her to read .Furthermore the creature is impressed of the familys benevolent act for saving Safies father from prison from a death sentence. The creature in his turn feels that he can do the same, that why he voluntarily helps the family. At the beginning the creature had had a good heart and was prepared to help human beings. The creature anonymously help the family as this makes him feel good. The monster learnt reading and music through the De Lacy family; he noticed that it made the family more happy and cheerful. Music and reading also stimulates the creatures emotional reaction to happiness. The creature attempts to communicate with Mr. de lacy; the blind man. The creature after so many rejections still accepts to help human being-the source of his unhappiness. After saving the girl from drowning, her father attacks the creature thinking that he was harming his daughter. The creature caused fright to a few of the villagers and they threw some sort of missiles. The creature wants Frankenstein to create a female for him as it does not want to live his life alone. The creature swears to hide in the Amazon forest away from society with his mate. He also promises not to harm anyone else. You must create a female for me with whom I can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for my being. This you alone can do and I demand it of you as a right which you must not refuse to concede. Later on Frankenstein decides to tear apart the female monster as a result of guilt. he believes that by creating a female creature, he would be procreating a new species if the two mated together, Frankenstein also is not so sure how the female would react as just like the original monster she would be independent. Frankenstein decides to destroys the creatures last hopes of having a companion and not be in a painful solitude. You have destroyed the work which you beganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I have endured incalculable fatigue, and cold, and hunger; do you dare destroy my hopes? The creature vows to take revenge on Frankenstein for destroying his last hopes. The creature decides to kill the loved ones of his creator so that in the end Frankenstein becomes as miserable as the creature. Frankenstein feels responsible and guilty for the death of his beloved ones, as he is the one whogave birth to that creature. Behind that horrible figure of the monster is an innocent childs mind. When the creature was born, it was innocent and harmless. Regardless to his rejection by Frankenstein, he still seeks companionship with humans. At first his only aim was to be accepted by society but it turned out to be a total failure. Firstly the creature was only seeking companionship from the human, but everyone (except Mr. de lacey) he approached fled away from him. The monsters second desire was to have a female mate from Frankenstein, but this desire could also not be fulfilled as Frankenstein destroyed it .He was rejected by most of the people he met, the creature sought a mate from Frankenstein but at the end it was destroyed. Still I desired love and fellowship At the end the monster was still lonely and isolated as he was at the beginning. We learn that his final desire was to have an anonymous death; leaving no traces of his existence. He realizes and understands that he cannot form part of the human society because of his hideousness even thought he is at time gentle and caring. The innocent creature turned into this cruel monster because humans were very prejudice. Prejudice comes about not because of the fear of the unknown, but rather of a misperception of how the unknown will affect an individual or society.